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Large-scale network-cloud ecosystems are fundamental infrastructures to support future 5G/6G services, and their resilience is a primary societal concern for the years to come. Differently from a single-entity ecosystem (in which one entity owns the whole infrastructure), in multi-entity ecosystems (in which the networks and datacenters are owned by different entities) cooperation among such different entities is crucial to achieve resilience against large-scale failures. Such cooperation is challenging since diffident entities may not disclose confidential information, e.g., detailed resource availability. To enhance the resilience of multi-entity ecosystems, carriers are important as all the entities rely on carriers’ communication services. Thus, in this study we investigate how to perform carrier cooperative recovery in case of large-scale failures/disasters. We propose a two-stage cooperative recovery planning by incorporating a coordinated scheduling for swift recovery. Through preliminary numerical evaluation, we confirm the potential benefit of carrier cooperation in terms of both recovery time and recovery cost/burden reduction. 

We investigate the problem of future disaster-resilient optical network-cloud ecosystems. We introduce our solutions considering openness/disaggregation and cooperation for single- and multi-entity network-cloud ecosystems, respectively. 

Neonicotinoids (NNs) are commonly found throughout the environment on surfaces such as seeds, soil, vegetation, and blowing dust particles. However, there is a paucity of data on the kinetics and oxidation products formed on contact with the atmosphere which limits understanding of their potentially far-reaching impacts. In this study, in situ attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the OH oxidation of thin films of three solid NNs, imidacloprid (IMD), dinotefuran (DNF) and clothianidin (CLD) at 295 ± 3 K. The experimentally measured reaction probabilities based on initial rates of NN loss are (1.6 ± 0.8) × 10 −2 for IMD, (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10 −2 for DNF and (0.9 ± 0.2) × 10 −2 for CLD (±1 σ ), suggesting initial NN lifetimes with respect to OH of 10–17 days. The kinetics were interpreted using a multiphase kinetics model, KM-SUB, which showed that the OH uptake and reaction occurred primarily in the surface layer. Products identified by mass spectrometry included carbonyl-, alcohol- and olefin-containing species formed via hydrogen abstraction from aliphatic C–H groups. Additionally, carbonyl-containing desnitro and urea derivative products were observed from secondary reactions of the initially formed photodegradation products. Reaction with OH will contribute to NN loss both during the day as well as at night when there are non-photolytic sources of this radical. Thus, OH reactions with both the parent neonicotinoid and its photodegradation products should be considered in assessing their environmental impacts. 

Understanding impacts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in air requires a molecular-level understanding of particle growth via interactions between gases and particle surfaces. The interactions of three gaseous organic nitrates with selected organic substrates were measured at 296 K using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The organic substrates included a long chain alkane (triacontane, TC), a keto-acid (pinonic acid, PA), an amorphous ester oligomer (poly(ethylene adipate) di-hydroxy terminated, PEA), and laboratory-generated SOA from α-pinene ozonolysis. There was no uptake of the organic nitrates on the non-polar TC substrate, but significant uptake occurred on PEA, PA, and α-pinene SOA. Net uptake coefficients ( γ ) at the shortest reaction times accessible in these experiments ranged from 3 × 10 −4 to 9 × 10 −6 and partition coefficients ( K ) from 1 × 10 7 to 9 × 10 4 . Trends in γ did not quantitatively follow trends in K , suggesting that the intermolecular forces involved in gas–surface interactions are not the same as those in the bulk, which is supported by theoretical calculations. Kinetic modeling showed that nitrates diffused throughout the organic films over several minutes, and that the bulk diffusion coefficients evolved as uptake/desorption occurred. A plasticizing effect occurred upon incorporation of the organic nitrates, whereas desorption caused decreases in diffusion coefficients in the upper layers, suggesting a crusting effect. Accurate predictions of particle growth in the atmosphere will require knowledge of uptake coefficients, which are likely to be several orders of magnitude less than one, and of the intermolecular interactions of gases with particle surfaces as well as with the particle bulk.